The Evolving Landscape of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): From Pathophysiology to Therapeutics, Current Advances and Future Challenges

Abstract

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by the destruction of upper and lower motor neurons, which causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory dysfunction. Although the research has improved, the problem of effective disease-modifying treatment is still low because the pathogenesis of ALS is multifactorial. The current animal-based research will attempt to investigate the changing paradigm of ALS through a combination of pathophysiological and therapeutic analysis using known transgenic models. The attention of the research is given to the main cellular and molecular processes, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and protein aggregation. To describe the further development of the disease, the extensive biochemical, molecular, histopathological, and behavioral analyses will be performed. The paper also assesses the neuroprotective value of emerging pharmacological and gene-based interventions and the detection of possible disease progression and therapeutic response biomarkers. The research will likely contribute to the improved knowledge of the ALS processes and the creation of effective translational treatment plans.