Journal of Pharmacology, Genetics and Molecular Biology
The Journal of Pharmacology, Genetics and Molecular Biology (JPGMB)is an international, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal devoted to pharmacology and medical Sciences. JPGMB aims to increase the impact of pharmaceutical research in academia and industry, with a strong emphasis on quality and originality. JPGMB publishes Original Research Articles, Short Communications, and Review Articles in all pharmaceutical, medical, Dental, and integrated medical sciences.
Ebola Virus: Global and India threats, Synergy of AI and 3D Bioprinting in Next-Generation Therapeutics, Variants, Spillover Dynamics, Cellular Tropism Mechanism, Host Models for Rapid Drug and Vaccine Discovery
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe, fatality-prone zoonotic infectious disease, which remains a prominent health threat around the world owing to its fast propagation, frequent occurrence, and serious repercussions on both medical and socio-economic fronts. The factors like increasing globalization, environmental alterations, and contact between humans and reservoir animals have escalated the chances of emergence and global dissemination of Ebola virus. In this review article, the focus will be on examining the taxonomy, structural biology, global and Indian threats, mutations, spillover events, cell-specific tropism, and pathophysiology associated with the Ebola virus. Moreover, the review also throws light on the expanding influence of artificial intelligence, computational biology, and 3D bioprinting in outbreak prediction, genomics-based surveillance, discovery of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and modeling of viral diseases. AI-driven tools have expedited medical research, while 3D bioprinting has facilitated a better understanding of the infection process and effectiveness of antiviral agents through bioengineered human-like samples.
Ebola virus, Artificial Intelligence, 3D Bioprinting, Spillover Dynamics, Cellular Tropism
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Pharmacology, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Disease X/Virus X: AI-Driven Pathogen Mapping and Multi-Platform Vaccine Design, Strategic Blueprint for Combating Prophylaxis in India & Global, Therapeutic Interventions Against 3D Hypothetical Pathogen X
The rise in the prevalence of infectious diseases and the likelihood of more pandemics in the future calls for an increased need for innovative and effective preparedness solutions and rapid response technologies in healthcare. Disease X refers to an entirely novel pathogen that may trigger global health crises, economic and social disruptions, and healthcare system failure. This review discusses how AI technology can be used to map pathogens, conduct genomic surveillance, deliver precision medicine, and develop vaccine platforms in the context of addressing hypothetical infectious diseases like Disease X. Clinical evidence from human pandemics, such as COVID-19, Ebola, and Nipah, highlights the significance of mRNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and tailored treatment approaches in mitigating severity and mortality. Additionally, this review examines the impact of human immunological variability, socio-economic inequality, medical disparity, and inadequate digital frameworks on pandemic management, especially in developing nations such as India. Future possibilities include the development of novel technologies such as precision medicine utilizing AI, real-time genomics, nanoparticle-based medicines, biosensing devices, and CRISPR antivirals, among others. The implications from this literature indicate that the integration of technologies, such as AI and vaccine technology, in conjunction with an efficient public health framework is critical for increasing global preparedness to potential pandemics, such as those caused by Disease X.
Artificial Intelligence; Disease X; Genomic Surveillance; Precision Medicine; mRNA Vaccines; Viral Vector Vaccines; Pandemic Preparedness; Infectious Disease Management
Pre-Stage Diagnoses Cancer (REDMOD, EHR, PET-CT) Leveraging Pan-Cancer AI Architectures for the Prediction of Metastatic Risk and Pharmacological Response Across Diverse Malignancies: AI in Cancer Therapy
AI-enabled pan-cancer architectures using REDMOD, EHR, and PET-CT have shown potential for pre-staging, metastasis risk, and treatment prediction in cancers. Through a combination of multimodal inputs, machine learning algorithms, transformer technology, graph network approaches, and federated learning, the research evaluates imaging biomarkers, genetic alterations, and longitudinal clinical information. These advances led to improvements in the performance metrics compared to traditional oncology approaches. AI radiomics helped in recognizing metabolic diversity and imaging patterns associated with metastasis, while EHR analytics facilitated better risk assessment and response to treatments over time. The research highlights the role of multimodal AI in precision oncology in informing decision-making, minimizing uncertainties, and enabling proactive management. Though the quality of datasets, ethical considerations, explainability, and clinical implementation remain challenges, there is promise for AI-based predictive oncology.
Artificial Intelligence, Pan-Cancer AI, Precision Oncology, REDMOD, EHR Analytics
Congenital Anomalies, Implementing Real-Time Deep Learning Detection in Underserved Perinatal: AI-Driven and 3D Anatomical Modeling, Pediatric Surgical Planning for Complex Birth Defects
Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of deaths and disabilities during infancy. Prenatal diagnostic procedures play a pivotal role in the identification and timely treatment of congenital conditions. However, this technology is still limited in many underserved healthcare facilities. This paper examines the significance of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in the prenatal identification of congenital anomalies as well as pediatric surgery. The results revealed that AI-driven deep learning algorithms and systems proved more accurate in diagnosis than the existing prenatal diagnostic approaches. AI-integrated systems were also shown to be faster and less error-prone. Transformer networks outperformed all other machine learning approaches in this case. Besides, three-dimensional anatomical reconstruction aided in the planning of surgery and interventions for congenital birth defects.
Congenital anomalies, deep learning, prenatal diagnostics, fetal ultrasound, pediatric surgery.
Hantavirus Reservoirs in Human-to-Human Transmission: Deep Learning Frameworks for the Identification of Molecular Inhibitors Targeting and Virus Interhuman Pathogenesis
Hantaviruses are serious emerging zoonotic RNA viruses, which are associated with two major diseases (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, HCPS) and are maintained mainly in rodent hosts. Of the hantaviruses, Andes virus (ANDV) has been shown to be capable of human-to-human transmission, and is thus of particular public health interest. In the present study, the role of hantavirus reservoirs in Andes virus transmission is explored and Deep Learning computational techniques are used to find molecular inhibitors that inhibit viral pathogenesis. An in-silico research design was used which involves epidemiological analysis, bioinformatics, molecular docking, virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulation, and artificial intelligence supported drug discovery. The glycoproteins (Gn/Gc), nucleocapsid proteins, fusion proteins, and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are targeted as therapeutic proteins. The antiviral prediction and compound screening are based on deep learning frameworks like CNN, RNN, GNN and transformer-based models. Results show that transformer-based models and graph neural network models give the maximum prediction accuracy. Several compounds are identified by molecular docking studies that have high binding affinity towards Andes virus proteins. The researchers conclude that AI-enabled computational approaches could greatly enhance the discovery and development of antiviral drugs to treat novel hantavirus infections.
Hantavirus, Andes virus, Human-to-human transmission, Deep learning, Molecular inhibitors, Computational virology, Molecular docking, Antiviral drug discovery
AI-Enhanced PGT-A Protocols for Optimized Embryo Selection in Clinical Settings: Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT), Genetic Screening, and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in Gender-Specific Genetic Disease Mitigation
AI-powered preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) with next-generation sequencing (NGS) and time-lapse embryo monitoring is a notable breakthrough in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), mainly in vitro fertilization (IVF). This review discusses the significance of integrating NGS, AI, and time-lapse monitoring technologies to enable objective assessment of embryos through accurate evaluation of their morphology, morphokinetics, and genetic abnormalities. NGS improves embryo analysis by identifying genetic defects like aneuploidy, mosaicism, and monogenic diseases. On the other hand, AI increases the predictability of implantation outcomes by reducing the impact of bias in embryo selection. Integration of the technologies increases chances of success by improving implantation rates, minimizing risks of pregnancy loss due to chromosomal abnormalities, and increasing rates of live births. Advanced age and recurrent implantation failures are notable factors that increase the need for such a combination of technologies to improve IVF success rate. Moreover, AI-enabled PGT-A plays an important role in preventing hereditary and sex-based genetic diseases, for example, hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. All in all, this review shows that AI-driven genomic and embryology integration has immense potential in transforming reproductive medicine, despite further validation and regulation still being needed.
Artificial Intelligence, Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A), Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Embryo Selection, IVF, Time-Lapse Imaging, Genetic Screening, Reproductive Medicine.
Viability of Cross-Gender Reproductive Organ Transplantation, Surgical and Immunological Considerations: Protocol Development for Viable Pregnancy in Female-To-Male (FTM) Individuals
The procedure of transplantation of reproductive organs between the gender is a developing and very experimental area of reproductive medicine and transplantation surgery. In this present study, the authors appraise the theoretical possibility of uterine transplantation and viable pregnancy in female-to-male (FtM) transgender people in the context of surgical, immunological, endocrine and reproductive issues. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of transplantation, survival of the graft, hormonal adaptation, viability of pregnancy and eventual complications of cross-gender reproductive transplantation. A protocol based exploratory research design is used, with secondary data gathered from published literature on uterine transplantation, transgender reproductive health, transplant immunology, assisted reproductive technology and endocrine management in the time frame of 2010-2026. A hypothetical sample of 50 candidates for FtM transplants is used for the simulation-based analysis of clinical outcomes. The results show high theoretical feasibility for the reconstruction of the vena cava, compatibility of the pelvis and a good probability of recovery after surgery, but relatively difficult in the cases of hormonal adaptation and implanting the embryo. The results obtained in the simulations show satisfactory graft acceptance and graft survival rates, which, however, mean relatively moderate probabilities of pregnancy continuation and live birth when immunosuppression is applied as a treatment method, with immunological and obstetric complications. Hormonal instability and embryo implantation failure are the most important potential complications. While there are significant medical, ethical, and technological issues that still need to be addressed, the study suggests that advancing reproductive biotechnology, regenerative medicine, and transplant immunology in the years to come could enhance the potential for viable pregnancies in FtM transgender people.
Uterine Transplantation, Transgender Health, FtM Pregnancy, Reproductive Biotechnology, Transplant Immunology, Cross-Gender Transplantation, Reproductive Surgery.
Broken Heart Syndrome (BHS): Investigating Role of Cardiology, Psychology, and Neurology, Mechanism Neuro-Cardiac Axis and Acute Myocardial Infarction
Broken Heart Syndrome (BHS), which is alternatively referred to as Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS) and stress-induced cardiomyopathy, is a cardiac condition with a temporary impairment of the left ventricle resulting from emotional or physical stress. Despite the absence of any coronary occlusion, BHS manifests similar symptoms as myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome. This review focuses on the cardiological, psychological, and neurological aspects of BHS with specific emphasis on the interplay between the two systems through the neuro-cardiac axis. In this regard, the paper considers several important issues regarding the historical background, pathogenesis, mechanism, underlying physiological phenomena, and other causes of this cardiovascular syndrome. These include the autonomic dysregulation, catecholamine toxicity, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, as well as psychological and neurological factors that contribute to myocardial dysfunction and stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Various advanced cardiovascular imaging modalities and neuroimaging procedures employed in the diagnosis of BHS are examined in detail. From the study, it can be established that excessive sympathetic activity, autonomic imbalance, and brain-heart interaction are critical components in the development of BHS.
Broken Heart Syndrome (BHS); Takotsubo Syndrome; Stress Cardiomyopathy; Neuro-Cardiac Axis; Cardiovascular Disease; Catecholamine Toxicity; Autonomic Dysfunction; Myocardial Stunning; Acute Myocardial Infarction; Neurocardiology; Psychological Stress; Brain-Heart Interaction.
A Comprehensive Review of H5N1(Avian Influenza) Evolution and Pandemic Risk: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Challenges, and the Current State of Vaccine Development
H5N1 avian influenza is regarded as one of the most considerable zoonotic viral threats of the permanent pandemic potential. Since it was initially discovered to infect humans in Hong Kong in 1997, the virus has been circulating in domestic poultry and wild birds in various continents resulting in recurring outbreaks and some severe infections in humans. The review is a thorough examination of the H5N1 evolution and pandemic risk, especially focusing on the clinical manifestations, diagnostic issues, and the vaccine development status quo. The review discusses how ongoing mutation, reassortment and diversification into multiple clades have improved the adaptability of the virus, and how the increased spillover into mammals like mink, seals, cats and cattle has raised questions about the adaptability of mammals and future human transmissibility. H5N1 infection in humans can range in clinical findings to mild conjunctivitis and upper respiratory disease or severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, neurological complications, multi-organ failure, and high mortality. Diagnostic techniques such as RT-PCR, viral culture, serology, and genome sequencing have increased early detection and surveillance, yet shortage of laboratory facilities and slow reporting is a key challenge in most areas. The traditional inactivated vaccines, recombinant formats, and mRNA technologies have reached significant advancement in the development of vaccines, but the problem of antigenic drift, fast manufacturing, and equal availability remain the problem. In general, H5N1 still remains an issue of close global surveillance, and combined One Health measures, enhanced surveillance, expedited diagnostics, and ongoing vaccine preparedness are necessary to mitigate the threat of future outbreaks or a potential pandemic.
H5N1, Avian Influenza, Pandemic Risk, Viral Evolution, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Challenges, Vaccine Development, Genomic Surveillance, One Health, Zoonotic Disease
Emerging Subvariants of Covid-19 Subvariant Cicada Variant, a Systemic Overview: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges Navigating the High Antigenic Shift of The Covid-19 Cicada Variant
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the emergence of several subvariants that are more transmissible, immune-evasive, and exhibit varying pathogenicity. Among them, the newly discovered Cicada variant is of interest to scientists because of its enormous antigenic drift and explosive dissemination worldwide. This review presents an in-depth discussion of the etiology, mutation pattern, transmission, diagnostic issues, and treatment considerations of the Cicada variant. The variant has wide mutations in the spike protein, especially in receptor-binding regions, that aid immune evasion and reduce vaccine efficacy. The available methods of diagnosis, such as RT-PCR and antigen-based methods are limited by mutation-related target failure. Monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs are therapeutically questionable because their efficacy is not always the same, which poses a concern regarding treatment. Implications for public health, surveillance plans, and future research directions are also discussed in this review. The dynamic character of the Cicada variant is critical to comprehending diagnostic preparedness and maximizing therapeutic interventions to support the current COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19, SARS-Cov-2, Cicada Variant, Antigenic Shift, Immune Escape, Diagnostics, Therapeutics, Viral Mutations, Pandemic, Variants of Concern.
Postbiotics in Human Health: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Applications, and Future Perspectives
Postbiotics represent a paradigm shift in microbiome-based therapeutics, offering the functional benefits of probiotics without the challenges associated with live microorganism administration. Defined by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) as "preparations of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a health benefit on the host," postbiotics encompass a diverse array of bioactive compounds including cell wall components, metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, and extracellular vesicles. This review synthesizes current evidence on the mechanisms through which postbiotics modulate host physiology, their therapeutic applications across various disease states, and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for clinical translation. Emerging evidence supports their efficacy in gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic diseases, immune modulation, and beyond, while their superior stability, safety profile, and standardization potential position them as attractive candidates for next-generation biotherapeutics.
Postbiotics, Biotherapeutics, Gut Microbiota
Metagenomic Exploration of Landfill Microbiota for Novel Plastic-Degrading Enzymes
Plastic waste has become one of the most pressing environmental challenges worldwide, primarily because synthetic polymers do not easily break down under natural conditions. As a result, large quantities of plastic accumulate in landfills, where they persist for long periods. Interestingly, these landfill environments are not just waste storage sites but also complex ecosystems that host diverse microbial communities. Over time, some of these microorganisms have adapted to survive by interacting with and even utilizing resistant plastic materials. Recent advancements in metagenomics have made it possible to study these microbial communities without the need for traditional culturing techniques. This has opened new avenues for discovering previously unknown plastic-degrading enzymes. In this review, we explore how landfill microbiota act as valuable sources of biodegradation potential and discuss various metagenomic approaches used to identify such enzymes. Special attention is given to key enzyme groups, including PETases, cutinases, lipases, and esterases, which play crucial roles in breaking down synthetic polymers. This review also outlines these limitations and discusses future directions for developing sustainable and effective plastic waste management strategies.
Plastic pollution; Metagenomics; Landfill microbiota; Plastic-degrading enzymes; PETase; Cutinase; Biodegradation; Microbial consortia; Bioinformatics; Sustainable waste management.
Gastroretentive Floating Microspheres: A Promising Approach for Site-Specific and Controlled Drug Delivery.
Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have drawn a lot of interest as a successful method for increasing the oral bioavailability of medications that act locally in the stomach, have a limited absorption window, or are unstable in the intestinal environment. Among the several GRDDS, gastroretentive floating microspheres are a promising multi-unit system that offers site-specific and controlled drug release while extending the stomach residence period. Because of their low density and ability to float on stomach contents for prolonged periods of time without interfering with gastric emptying, these microspheres enhance patient compliance and therapeutic effectiveness. Polymers, such as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic polymers, and gas-forming agents are commonly used in the formulation of floating microspheres utilizing methods such solvent evaporation, emulsion solvent diffusion, spray drying, and ionic gelation. To get the best buoyancy, drug entrapment efficiency, and sustained drug release profiles, it is essential to choose the right polymers and formulation parameters. Micromeritic characteristics, in vitro buoyancy, drug release kinetics, stability tests, and in vivo stomach retention evaluation are all part of the evaluation of floating microspheres.
Gastroretentive drug delivery, Floating microspheres, Controlled drug release, Site-specific delivery, Gastric retention, Oral drug delivery system
The Evolving Landscape of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): From Pathophysiology to Therapeutics, Current Advances and Future Challenges
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by the destruction of upper and lower motor neurons, which causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory dysfunction. Although the research has improved, the problem of effective disease-modifying treatment is still low because the pathogenesis of ALS is multifactorial. The current animal-based research will attempt to investigate the changing paradigm of ALS through a combination of pathophysiological and therapeutic analysis using known transgenic models. The attention of the research is given to the main cellular and molecular processes, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and protein aggregation. To describe the further development of the disease, the extensive biochemical, molecular, histopathological, and behavioral analyses will be performed. The paper also assesses the neuroprotective value of emerging pharmacological and gene-based interventions and the detection of possible disease progression and therapeutic response biomarkers. The research will likely contribute to the improved knowledge of the ALS processes and the creation of effective translational treatment plans.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); Transgenic Animal Models; Motor Neuron Degeneration; Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress; Neuroprotective Therapeutics.
mRNA–Nanoparticle Complexes: Pharmaceutical Engineering for Next-Gen Therapeutics
mRNA–nanoparticle complexes are rapidly reshaping modern therapeutics, blending the programmability of mRNA with the precision and protection offered by advanced nanocarriers. While mRNA provides a flexible, software-like approach to generating therapeutic proteins, its fragility and immunogenicity demand sophisticated delivery systems. Nanoparticles — especially lipid, polymeric, hybrid, and bioinspired platforms — shield mRNA from enzymatic degradation, enhance cellular uptake, enable endosomal escape, and support targeted or controlled release. Recent engineering breakthroughs in microfluidics, AI-guided design, nucleoside modification, and surface functionalization have dramatically improved the stability, potency, and safety of mRNA formulations. These technologies now power applications ranging from vaccines and cancer immunotherapy to rare-disease treatments, regenerative medicine, and in vivo gene editing. Despite challenges in large-scale manufacturing, long-term safety assessment, and cold-chain dependence, ongoing innovation is pushing mRNA nanomedicine toward more durable, personalized, and globally accessible therapies. Together, mRNA–nanoparticle systems stand at the forefront of next-gen precision medicine, promising fast, customizable solutions for previously untreatable conditions.
Therapeutics; Lipid Nanoparticles (Lnps); Polymeric Nanoparticles; Nanomedicine; RNA Delivery; Self-Amplifying Mrna; Circular RNA; Microfluidics; Targeted Delivery; Endosomal Escape; Personalized Vaccines; Cancer Immunotherapy; Regenerative Medicine; CRISPR Mrna; Pharmaceutical Engineering
Microfluidics in Pharmaceutical Nanomanufacturing: Towards Scalable and Controlled Drug Delivery
Microfluidic technology has emerged as a transformative platform in pharmaceutical nanomanufacturing, offering unprecedented control over the synthesis of nanoscale drug delivery systems. Traditional bulk manufacturing techniques often suffer from poor reproducibility, wide size distributions, and limited scalability, restricting their utility for clinical-grade nanoparticle production. In contrast, microfluidics enables precise manipulation of fluids under laminar flow, facilitating diffusion-driven mixing, rapid nucleation, and consistent particle formation across diverse nanocarriers including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based systems, inorganic materials, and hybrid or stimuli-responsive designs. The integration of real-time analytics, automated process optimization, and advanced microreactor geometries further enhances the ability to tailor nanoparticle properties such as size, polydispersity, and surface functionality. Recent advances in flow rate control, parallelization, and device engineering have accelerated the transition of microfluidics from laboratory research to scalable industrial production, exemplified by its successful application in large-scale mRNA lipid nanoparticle manufacturing. Emerging synergies with AI/ML tools, organ-on-chip platforms, 3D printing, and IoT-enabled continuous-flow systems are pushing microfluidic nanomanufacturing toward fully autonomous, high-throughput factories. Despite challenges related to device fouling, material compatibility, cost, and regulatory frameworks, microfluidics is poised to become a cornerstone of next-generation drug delivery, enabling highly controlled, customizable, and clinically translatable nanomedicine.
Microfluidics; Nanomanufacturing; Drug delivery; Lipid nanoparticles; Polymeric nanoparticles; Continuous-flow synthesis; Precision nanomedicine.
Lipid-Based Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery: Pharmacokinetic Modulation and Clinical Perspectives
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Lipid-based nanocarriers (LNCs) have emerged as a cornerstone in modern drug delivery, offering innovative solutions to the limitations of conventional formulations such as poor solubility, low stability, and limited bioavailability. Comprising biocompatible lipids like phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol, these nanocarriers—encompassing liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and lipid nanocapsules (LNCs)—enable precise control over drug release and targeted delivery. Their unique composition facilitates enhanced drug solubilization, protection from enzymatic degradation, and improved absorption through lymphatic transport and membrane fusion mechanisms. By modulating key pharmacokinetic parameters such as maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach peak concentration (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC), and half-life (t½), LNCs significantly improve systemic exposure and therapeutic efficacy. Clinically, lipid nanocarriers have demonstrated transformative outcomes in oncology (<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Doxil®, Onivyde®<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">), antifungal therapy (<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">AmBisome®, Fungisome®<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">), and vaccine technology (mRNA–LNP platforms for COVID-19), highlighting their translational success. Despite existing challenges in large-scale manufacturing, stability, and regulatory approval, continuous advancements—especially the integration of AI-driven pharmacokinetic modeling and stimuli-resp
Lipid-based nanocarriers, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, drug delivery, clinical translation, nanomedicine
Hybrid Nanocomposites in Pharmacology: Multifunctional Platforms for Cancer and Inflammatory Disorders
Hybrid nanocomposites have emerged as one of the most versatile and multifunctional platforms in modern pharmacology, offering unique opportunities to tackle the complex pathophysiology of cancer and inflammatory disorders. By integrating two or more organic, inorganic, polymeric, lipidic, or biological components into a single nanosystem, hybrid nanocomposites enable synergistic enhancements in drug loading, targeting precision, responsiveness to physiological stimuli, and therapeutic efficacy. Their ability to combine structural stability with dynamic functional properties makes them especially valuable in overcoming traditional treatment barriers such as multidrug resistance, uncontrolled inflammation, off-target toxicity, and limited bioavailability. Recent advancements in fabrication techniques—including chemical synthesis, microfluidic engineering, physical assembly methods, and green bioinspired strategies—have further expanded the design flexibility and clinical potential of these nanoplatforms. Hybrid nanocomposites are now being explored for targeted drug delivery, multimodal combination therapy, imaging-guided theranostics, immunomodulation, antioxidative therapy, and tissue regeneration. Despite their promise, challenges related to large-scale manufacturing, reproducibility, regulatory validation, and long-term safety still impede clinical translation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals, fabrication strategies, therapeutic applications, pharmacokinetics, and future opportunities of hybrid nanocomposites, emphasizing their transformative potential in next-generation cancer and inflammation management.
Hybrid Nanocomposites; Multifunctional Drug Delivery; Cancer Therapy; Inflammatory Disorders; Stimuli-Responsive Systems; Theranostics; Nanomedicine; Combination Therapy; Pharmacokinetics; Precision Medicine
Gene-Editing and Drug Delivery Convergence: Pharmaceutical Strategies for Precision Gene Therapy
Gene-editing therapeutics, powered by transformative molecular tools such as CRISPR/Cas, TALENs, and zinc-finger nucleases, offer unprecedented precision in treating genetic and acquired diseases. Successful clinical translation is profoundly dependent on efficient, safe, and targeted delivery vectors that navigate biological barriers to deliver gene-editing machinery intracellularly while minimizing off-target effects and immunogenicity. This review discusses viral, non-viral, and hybrid biomimetic delivery platforms—highlighting their mechanisms of cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and controlled release—for enhanced gene-editing efficiency and safety. It explores advanced formulation strategies incorporating stabilization, stimuli-responsiveness, and active targeting, alongside pharmacokinetic and biodistribution considerations. Clinical applications span monogenic disorders, oncology, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions, demonstrating therapeutic promise. Despite significant challenges including off-target editing, vector immunogenicity, manufacturing reproducibility, and regulatory hurdles, ongoing advances in gene editor design, AI-driven optimization, and personalized medicine forecast a new era in precision gene therapy. Integration of multi-modal therapies and real-time monitoring will further enhance safety and efficacy, establishing gene-editing therapeutics as a cornerstone of modern precision medicine.
Gene Editing, CRISPR/Cas, Talens, Zinc-Finger Nucleases, Gene Delivery Vectors, Viral Vectors, Non-Viral Vectors, Biomimetic Nanoparticles, Intracellular Trafficking, Controlled Release, Off-Target Effects, Immunogenicity, Pharmacokinetics, Personalized Medicine, Precision Gene Therapy, AI-Driven Optimization
Phytopharmacology in the Nanotech Era: Connecting Natural Compounds with Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers
Phytopharmacology explores bioactive compounds derived from plants with diverse therapeutic potentials, including anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Despite their promise, many phytochemicals suffer from poor solubility, instability, and suboptimal pharmacokinetics, limiting clinical translation. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems—such as lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanocarriers—offer transformative solutions by enhancing solubility, stability, targeted delivery, and controlled release of phytochemicals. These nanocarriers can be engineered for passive and active targeting, enabling improved bioavailability, tissue specificity, and therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Advanced strategies incorporating stimuli-responsive release, biomimetic coatings, and AI-driven design further refine these platforms for personalized medicine. Challenges remain in scale-up, reproducibility, regulatory compliance, and safety, necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration. Continued innovation in nanocarrier formulation promises to bridge traditional plant-based medicines with modern precision therapeutics, offering safer and more effective natural compound-based treatments.
Phytopharmacology, Bioactive Phytochemicals, Nanocarriers, Lipid Nanoparticles, Polymeric Nanoparticles, Controlled Release, Targeted Delivery, Nanomedicine, Stimuli-Responsive Systems, Biomimetic Nanocarriers, AI-Driven Design, Personalized Medicine, Natural Therapeutics.
Drought Stress Reshapes Secondary Metabolism in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): Insights from GC–MS Metabolomics and Bioinformatic Analysis
Abiotic stress–induced secondary metabolism is a key determinant of plant survival under adverse environments, and Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower), a drought-resilient oilseed and medicinal crop, exhibits a strong capacity to accumulate bioactive metabolites under stress. In this study, GC–MS profiling of methanolic leaf extracts was integrated with bioinformatic analyses to elucidate drought-responsive secondary metabolism in safflower. GC–MS analysis revealed a diverse array of stress-induced metabolites, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids, sterols, and terpenoids, with the notable accumulation of octahydrocurcumin, a potent antioxidant. The enrichment of phenolic and lipid-derived compounds under drought stress indicates the activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and redox homeostasis pathways. To establish a molecular link to the observed metabolomic changes, the NCBI safflower sequence database was searched for transcripts showing homology associated with octahydrocurcumin-related stress responses. This analysis identified a drought-responsive transcript, GW584119, as a candidate sequence. The authors had previously constructed a drought-responsive cDNA library from safflower, and the nucleotide sequence corresponding to this transcript was submitted to the NCBI database under accession number GW584119. Bioinformatic characterization revealed significant sequence homology associated with octahydrocurcumin-related pathways. Comparative sequence analysis further showed partial homology with a corresponding gene in the model crop Arabidopsis thaliana (AT1G31020). Protein–protein interaction and subcellular localization analyses suggested the involvement of the encoded protein in stress-related metabolic networks, while expression profiling of AT1G31020 confirmed stress-responsive expression patterns. Overall, the integrated metabolomic and computational evidence establishes a direct link between drought stress, octahydrocurcumin accumulation, and gene-level regulation in safflower, highlighting octahydrocurcumin as a promising biochemical and molecular marker for abiotic stress tolerance and a potential target for the development of stress-resilient crops.
Drought Stress; Secondary Metabolites; Safflower; GC Analysis; Octahydrocurcumin
Phytopharmacology in the Nanotech Era: Bridging Natural Compounds with Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers
Phytochemicals derived from natural plant sources possess remarkable therapeutic potential across oncology, inflammation, microbial infections, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, their clinical translation has been severely limited by poor aqueous solubility, rapid hepatic metabolism, chemical instability, low bioavailability, and inadequate tissue targeting. The integration of nanotechnology with phytopharmacology represents a paradigm shift in natural product-based therapeutics, offering sophisticated nanocarrier platforms—including lipid-based systems, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic carriers, and biomimetic hybrids—to overcome these inherent limitations. Nanocarriers enhance phytochemical solubility, provide controlled and sustained release kinetics, protect bioactive molecules from enzymatic degradation, and enable both passive and active targeting to disease sites. Advanced formulations such as curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, quercetin-functionalized lipid carriers, and pH-responsive delivery systems have demonstrated markedly improved pharmacokinetic profiles, tissue-specific accumulation, and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, multifunctional nanoplatforms enable co-delivery of multiple phytochemicals and integration of diagnostic imaging agents for theranostic applications. Despite these advances, challenges including formulation stability, batch-to-batch reproducibility, immunogenicity assessment, regulatory standardization, and cost-effective scale-up require continued attention. Future perspectives emphasize smart, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, artificial intelligence-driven optimization, personalized phytopharmacology, and environmentally sustainable synthesis methods. Collectively, phytochemical nanomedicines represent a transformative approach to unlocking the full therapeutic potential of plant-derived compounds, bridging traditional herbal medicine with modern precision therapeutics and enabling safer, more effective, patient-centric treatment modalities.
Phytochemicals, Nanocarriers, Nanotechnology, Bioavailability, Targeted Delivery, Polymeric Nanoparticles, Lipid-Based Carriers, Natural Products, Phytopharmacology, Nanomedicine, Theranostics, Drug Delivery, Therapeutic Efficacy.
Herbal Nano pharmacology: Integrating Traditional Medicine with Modern Pharmaceutical Technologies
Herbal medicine has a long-standing history in the treatment of various ailments, but conventional formulations often suffer from poor solubility, low bioavailability, and variable pharmacokinetics. Integration of nanotechnology with herbal pharmacology—termed herbal nanopharmacology—offers solutions to these limitations, enabling targeted delivery, controlled release, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review explores recent advances in herbal nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers, focusing on formulation strategies, characterization techniques, pharmacological applications, and clinical translation challenges. Future perspectives emphasize precision herbal therapy, synergistic formulations, and regulatory considerations.
Herbal medicine, nanopharmacology, nanoparticles, targeted delivery, bioavailability, controlled release, phytotherapy
Clinical Impact of Pharmacist Interventions in Oncology Chemotherapy Protocol Optimization: A Comprehensive Review
Cancer chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of oncologic care but is frequently associated with narrow therapeutic indices, complex dosing regimens, significant toxicity profiles, and high risks of medication-related errors. The integration of clinical pharmacists into oncology care teams has emerged as a critical strategy for optimizing chemotherapy protocols, enhancing treatment safety, and improving patient-centered outcomes. This comprehensive review critically examines the scope, mechanisms, and clinical impact of pharmacist-led interventions in oncology chemotherapy protocol optimization. Evidence from observational studies, randomized trials, and real-world clinical programs demonstrates that pharmacist involvement contributes to improved regimen selection, individualized dosing, enhanced adherence to evidence-based guidelines, proactive toxicity management, and cost containment. Furthermore, pharmacist-driven interventions have been shown to reduce medication errors, prevent adverse drug reactions, improve quality of life, and support multidisciplinary decision-making. This review synthesizes current evidence, outlines methodological approaches adopted in oncology pharmacy research, and highlights practical implications for integrating pharmacists into cancer care pathways. The findings support the expanding role of oncology pharmacists as essential contributors to high-quality, safe, and value-based cancer therapy.
Oncology pharmacy; chemotherapy optimization; pharmacist interventions; medication safety; multidisciplinary cancer care
Pathophysiological Insights into Parkinson’s Disease Progression
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease, which is mainly caused by the selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and causes the typical motor symptom of bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. In addition to these motor defects, PD has a wide range of non-motor symptoms, such as cognitive, mood, sleep, and autonomic deficiency, all of which decrease the quality of life of patients considerably. PD has a complicated pathophysiology comprising genetic predisposition (e.g., SNCA, LRRK2, PARK gene mutations), environmentally triggered, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, and aggregation and prion-like propagation of α-synuclein. Neurotoxin-induced, genetic, and α-synuclein pre-formed fibril (PFF) systems have proven essential in the understanding of these mechanisms and as a result of the knowledge led to an understanding of the loss of dopaminergic neurons, misfolding of α-synuclein, glial-mediated neuroinflammation, and both motor and non-motor symptoms. Moreover, the models provide critical platforms on preclinical analysis of therapeutic interventions, such as antioxidant therapies, anti-aggregates, immunomodulatory therapies, and those that promote non-motor symptoms and thus improved clinical outcomes and development of holistic disease-modifying interventions.
Parkinson’s Disease, Dopaminergic Degeneration, Α-Synuclein Aggregation, Neuroinflammation, Neurotoxin Models, Genetic Models, Pre-Formed Fibril Models, Non-Motor Symptoms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Pharmacology, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Novel Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease for which early detection is essential but frequently difficult because of intrusive and expensive diagnostic techniques. The purpose of this study was to assess new biomarkers for AD early detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 120 participants, ages 55 to 80, participated in a cross-sectional observational study that included patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early-stage AD, and cognitively normal controls. Biomarker analyses, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ42), total tau, phosphorylated tau, neurofilament light chain (NfL), and miRNA panels, were conducted in addition to cognitive tests (MMSE and MoCA). The findings revealed a progressive decline in cognitive function and notable changes in biomarker levels among groups, with tau, phosphorylated tau, NfL, and miRNA levels rising with the severity of the disease and Aβ42 falling. Strong correlations between biomarkers and cognitive scores as well as statistically significant group differences were validated by one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses. These results support the use of blood and CSF biomarkers in clinical screening and intervention strategies by highlighting their potential as sensitive, minimally invasive tools for early AD diagnosis.
Alzheimer’s disease, early diagnosis, biomarkers, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-based biomarkers, mild cognitive impairment, amyloid-beta, tau, miRNA.
Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovium, cartilage and bone erosion and is mediated in large part by maladaptive inflammatory mechanisms. The preclinical analyses on animal models such as collagen induced arthritis (CIA), adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) and transgenic mice on TNF have given necessary knowledge on the molecular basis of RA pathogenesis and treatment protocols. This review is a synthesis of the existing evidence on the use of these models in order to target key pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF- α, IL- 6, IL- 1) and intracellular signaling cascades (JAK -STAT, NF- - 00, MAPK, PI3K/Akt) to reduce joint inflammation, osteoclast activity, and tissue damage. Also, the use of emerging strategies like nanoparticle-based drug delivery delivers a tissue specific target, drug stability and less systemic toxicity. These preclinical studies are critically examined in terms of strengths, limitations and translational potential, combination and multi-target studies are proposed to counter-act redundancy in pathways, and gaps in future studies are highlighted. At last, these results indicate the critical role of animal models in informing the design of new therapeutic interventions that are more effective and safer to use in the treatment of RA.
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammatory Pathways, Cytokine Inhibition, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, JAK-STAT Signaling, NF-Κb, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, Animal Models.
Advances in Nanomedicine for Treatment of Neurological Disorders
Nanomedicine has become a revolutionary approach to the management of neurological conditions, providing the innovative means of addressing the flaws of the traditional treatment methods. The review concentrates on preclinical animal research, emphasizing on the progress of nanoparticles-based delivery systems, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers and nanogels, which have the potential to increase the drug transport across the blood-brain barrier, specific brain targeting, and controlled, sustained delivery of therapeutic agents. The main results indicate that functionalized nanoparticles are able to suppress neuroinflammatory signals, eliminate reactive oxygen species, and prevent neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, and thus enhance the cognitive and motor outcomes in models of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Although these are encouraging findings, there are still issues to deal with, including long-term safety, biocompatibility, scalability of synthesis, and translational feasibility, which means that further studies must be performed to maximize the effectiveness and enable a clinical implementation. Although, comprehensive, preclinical data highlights the potential of nanomedicine as a means of transforming treatment approaches to central nervous system disease so that more specific, effective, and safer treatment approaches can be provided in the future.
Nanomedicine, Neurological Disorders, Blood-Brain Barrier, Nanoparticles, Liposomes, Micelles, Dendrimers, Nanogels
Role of Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
Nanoparticles have become a game changer and the multifunctional system in delivery of drugs to be used in addressing the shortfalls of traditional therapeutic i.e. low solubility, systemic clearance and lack of targeting that tends to diminish effect and increase side effects. To date, preclinical animal models have shown that varying platforms of nanoparticles, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and quantum dots, have the potential to improve therapeutic outcome by determining the accumulation of drugs within the body, by controlling and prolonging their release, and by improving bioavailability as well as selective deposition in target tissues. These systems have demonstrated to have potential in a vast field of applications including oncology, neurodegenerative disorders, antimicrobial therapy and anti-inflammatory treatment. The safety and biocompatibility of polymeric and lipid-based nanoparticles are typically favorable, and with metallic nanoparticles, although these types of nanoparticles are multifunctional and have theranostic potential, there is a risk of accumulation or toxicity over time. The animal research has also emphasized the key role of particle size, surface functionalization and composition in determining pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy. However, interspecies variability, large-scale synthesis that can be reproduced and reproducible, standard toxicity tests and optimization of targeting strategies are still critical barriers to clinical translation. Further research on biodegradable nanoparticle substitutes, long-term safety analysis, and comparative studies done systematically are necessary to ensure full utilization of the potential of nanoparticle-based drug delivery system and develop it to a safe, effective, and clinically viable drug delivery system.
Nanoparticles, Targeted Drug Delivery, Polymeric Nanoparticles, Liposomes, Metallic Nanoparticles, Dendrimers, Quantum Dots, Preclinical Studies
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting and Managing Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases in animals present considerable threats to livestock productivity, wildlife health, and global ecological equilibrium, with outbreaks of diseases such as avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, African swine fever, and bovine tuberculosis resulting in significant economic losses and potential zoonotic hazards. Conventional surveillance and management techniques often encounter constraints in velocity, scalability, and precision, underscoring the need for creative alternatives. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a pivotal instrument for forecasting, observing, and controlling animal infectious illnesses via the analysis of intricate datasets, including animal movement patterns, environmental factors, pathogen genetics, and agricultural management records. Machine learning, deep learning, and data-driven simulations enable the early detection of outbreaks, risk assessment, hotspot identification, optimization of vaccination regimens, biosecurity monitoring, and the modeling of containment tactics. The integration of IoT devices, drones, and remote sensing allows continuous real-time monitoring of extensive livestock and animal populations. AI-driven methodologies exhibit superior prediction accuracy, swift responsiveness, and optimized resource allocation relative to conventional techniques, despite ongoing hurdles like data quality, processing requirements, and practical application. The use of AI in veterinary epidemiology signifies a transition from reactive to proactive disease management, enhancing worldwide readiness, diminishing economic losses, alleviating zoonotic hazards, and fostering sustainable animal health and ecological preservation.
Artificial Intelligence, Infectious Diseases, Livestock, Wildlife, Disease Prediction, Disease Management, Veterinary Epidemiology, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Biosecurity, IoT