Integration of Pharmacogenomics into Clinical Practice: Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract

This potential of precision veterinary medicine to be implemented through the use of pharmacogenomics (PGx) by animal-based clinical practice is immense. This review brings out the species and breed specific genomic differences which affect drug clearance, and effectiveness and toxicity in animals. It also looks into the importance of principal active enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, UGTs and ABC transporters and the employment of genetically altered animal models, including CYP knockout mice and Beagles, in comprehending gene drug relationship. Methodologies used in veterinary PGx research, regulatory and ethical considerations and the utility of animal pharmacogenomics in drug discovery in animal preclinical studies are also discussed in the review. In spite of substantial advantages of the field, which are associated with better therapeutic results, fewer side effects, and a higher level of ethical animal tests, it has specific restrictions connected with unfinished genomic databases and the absence of guidelines on clinical implementation. In the current paper, the authors point at the necessity of joint efforts to develop genomic data, standardize veterinary testing procedures, and develop a framework that will promote incorporating PGx into standard veterinary practice and support the One Health approach